LTM8032
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
circuit they may have only a small fraction of their nominal
capacitance resulting in much higher output voltage ripple
than expected. Ceramic capacitors are also piezoelectric. In
Burst Mode operation, the LTM8032’s switching frequency
depends on the load current, and can excite a ceramic
capacitor at audio frequencies, generating audible noise.
Since the LTM8032 operates at a lower current limit during
Burst Mode operation, the noise is typically very quiet to
a casual ear. If this audible noise is unacceptable, use a
high performance electrolytic capacitor at the output. The
input capacitor can be a parallel combination of a 2.2μF
ceramic capacitor and a low cost electrolytic capacitor.
Table 2. Switching Frequency vs R T Value
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (MHz)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
R T VALUE (kΩ)
187
124
88.7
69.8
54.9
44.2
39.2
34
29.4
23.7
A final precaution regarding ceramic capacitors concerns
the maximum input voltage rating of the LTM8032. A
ceramic input capacitor combined with trace or cable
inductance forms a high Q (under damped) tank circuit.
If the LTM8032 circuit is plugged into a live supply, the
input voltage can ring to twice its nominal value, possi-
bly exceeding the device’s rating. This situation is easily
avoided; see the Hot-Plugging Safely section.
Electromagnetic Compliance
The LTM8032 is compliant with the radiated emissions
requirements of EN55022 class B. Graphs of the LTM8032’s
EMC performance are given in the Typical Performance
Characteristics section. Further data, operating conditions
and test setup are detailed in an EMI Test report available
from the Linear Technology website.
Frequency Selection
The LTM8032 uses a constant frequency PWM architecture
that can be programmed to switch from 200kHz to 2.4MHz
by using a resistor tied from the RT pin to ground. Table 2
provides a list of R T resistor values and their resultant
frequencies.
Operating Frequency Trade-Offs
It is recommended that the user apply the optimal R T
value given in Table 1 for the input and output operating
condition. System level or other considerations, however,
may necessitate another operating frequency. While the
LTM8032 is flexible enough to accommodate a wide range
of operating frequencies, a haphazardly chosen one may
1.4 19.1
1.5 16.2
1.8 13.3
2 11.5
2.2 9.76
2.4 8.66
result in undesirable operation under certain operating or
fault conditions. A frequency that is too high can reduce
efficiency, generate excessive heat or even damage the
LTM8032 if the output is overloaded or short-circuited.
A frequency that is too low can result in a final design
that has too much output ripple or too large of an output
cap. The maximum frequency (and attendant R T value) at
which the LTM8032 should be allowed to switch is given
in Table 1 in the f MAX column, while the recommended
frequency (and R T value) for optimal efficiency over the
given input condition is given in the f OPTIMAL column.
There are additional conditions that must be satisfied if
the synchronization function is used. Please refer to the
Synchronization section for details.
BIAS Pin Considerations
The BIAS pin is used to provide drive power for the internal
power switching stage and operate internal circuitry. For
proper operation, it must be powered by at least 2.8V. If
the output voltage is programmed to be 2.8V or higher,
simply tie BIAS to AUX. If V OUT is less than 2.8V, BIAS
can be tied to V IN or some other voltage source. In all
cases, ensure that the maximum voltage at the BIAS pin
is both less than 25V and the sum of V IN and BIAS is less
8032fg
For more information www.linear.com/LTM8032
11
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